鼠药中毒检验方法讲座―(1)
<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 12pt 0cm 6pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">鼠药中毒检验方法讲座―</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">(1) <?xml:namespace prefix = o /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">一、鼠药的形势</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">为了有效地规范和控制市售鼠药、杜绝剧毒鼠药的猖獗泛滥，中央国务院早在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">1978</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">年就召集了公安部、农业部、卫生部、商业部等单位进行研究，针对剧毒鼠药对人、畜所造成的严重危害，联合下达了“三禁”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">某些鼠药（禁止生产、禁止销售、禁止使用）的红头文件。随后</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">1982</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">年、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">1987</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">年先后颁布《农药安全使用规定》、《农药管理条例》，对鼠药生产、销售、使用做了一系列的规范。但因</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">“三步倒”“闻倒死”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">等药杀鼠效果好，使这些</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">“三禁鼠药”仍被广泛使用，屡禁不止。甚至一些违法商贩还钻我国鼠药生产和管理尚不到位的空子，常常变换手法，以花样翻新的商标名称、形状和颜色来扰乱鼠药市场，如“闻到死”、“一扫光”、“神猫”、“三步倒”、“王中王”、“</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">X-</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">气体杀鼠剂”等，这些五花八门的鼠药经我们分析检验，它们的主要成分均是氟乙酰胺和毒鼠强。不法商人为牟取暴利，只要几角钱成本一包的老鼠药，经稀释重装则变成各种不同品牌剂型的“新”鼠药，能卖到几块钱至十几块钱，甚至几十块钱。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">针对近几年全国鼠药中毒案件急剧上升的实际情况，在天津召开了《全国鼠药中毒检验技术研讨会》，及时交流总结了各省鼠药中毒案件检验经验，探讨了存在的问题，指出了当今犯罪分子投毒使用的不同名称、品牌、包装的鼠药，其主要成分多是氟乙酰胺和毒鼠强。所以，本讲座重点介绍含氟鼠药和毒鼠强对人中毒后的检验方法，同时介绍各不同品种的新鼠药中毒后的鉴定方法。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 12pt 0cm 6pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">二、鼠药的分类</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">当今世界鼠药品种不完全统计多达</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">100</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">多种，现将常用的鼠药按进入途径、来源、作用速度、使用要求大致分为四大类：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">㈠</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </SPAN><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">按鼠药进入的途径分</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">：①</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">胃毒剂</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">②</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">熏蒸剂</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">③</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">触杀剂；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">㈡</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </SPAN><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">按鼠药来源分</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">：①</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">无机杀鼠剂―磷化锌、亚砷酸等</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">②</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">有机杀鼠剂―敌鼠、溴敌隆、大隆等</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">③</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">植物性杀鼠剂―马钱子、红海葱等</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">④</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">微生物杀鼠剂―达尼契氏菌等；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">㈢</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </SPAN><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">按鼠药作用速度分</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">：①</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">急性杀鼠剂或单剂量杀鼠剂，也称速效杀鼠剂如氟乙酸钠、氟乙酰胺、毒鼠强、磷化锌、毒鼠磷等</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">②</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">慢性杀鼠剂或多剂量杀鼠剂，又称缓效杀鼠剂如敌鼠、杀鼠灵、杀鼠迷、溴敌隆、大隆等。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">㈣</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </SPAN><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">按鼠药使用要求分</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">：①</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">许可使用的杀鼠剂―杀鼠灵、杀鼠迷、溴敌隆、氯鼠酮等</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">②</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">控制使用的杀鼠剂―磷化锌、毒鼠磷、溴代毒鼠磷、甘氟等</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">③</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">禁止使用或“三禁”杀鼠剂―氟乙酰胺、氟乙酸钠、亚砷酸、安妥、马钱子等。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">㈤</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </SPAN><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">按结构性质分</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ^Times New Roman^; mso-hansi-font-family: ^Times New Roman^">：含氟杀鼠药、氮环类杀鼠药、茚二酮类杀鼠药、香豆素类杀鼠药、有机磷类杀鼠药、有机硫类杀鼠药、蒸薰类杀鼠药、无机物杀鼠药和其它类。根据中国鼠情和基层办案实际，将一些常遇到的鼠药按结构来分为九大类。主要介绍它们的理化性质、毒性、中毒症状和机理、体内分布、生物检材的前处理、分析鉴定方法等。</SPAN></SPAN>
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